A community-based study to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for osteoporosis among menopausal and pre-menopausal women

Authors

  • Radha B. P. Thangappah Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Muthu Kumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • T. M. Vaishnavi Madhavan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Muthu Kumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Poovizhi Dharmalingam Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Muthu Kumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Anitha Palanisamy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Muthu Kumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Mohana Priya A. Senthilkumar Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Muthu Kumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20222811

Keywords:

Menopause, Osteoporosis, Risk factors, Screening

Abstract

Background: To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis among pre and post menopausal women using quantitative ultrasound of calcaneal bone and to identify the risk factors associated with osteoporosis.

Methods: This prospective community based epidemiological study was conducted during 2019 in a suburban area attached to Sri Muthu Kumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai. 305 subjects met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Using a structured questionnaire, demographic details, obstetric, gynaecological and medical history were collected. Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneal bone was used to calculate the bone mineral density. Using statistical methods, risk factors for osteoporosis were analysed.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 52.67±9.41 years, 62.2% were post menopausal and 37.38% were premenopausal. The BMD ‘T’ score was normal in 29.8%, osteopenia was diagnosed in 38.4% and osteoporosis in 31.8% of participants. 14% of premenopausal women and 42.4% of postmenopausal women were osteoporotic. Age, menopausal status, duration of menopause, and previous history of fractures emerged as significant risk factors for osteoporosis.

Conclusions: The prevalence of osteoporosis is high among both pre-menopausal and menopausal women, but the awareness is limited. This study highlights the need for screening all women after the age of 40 years which is feasible using portable and easily available technology such as quantitative ultrasound of peripheral bones.

Author Biography

Radha B. P. Thangappah, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Muthu Kumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Obstetrica and Gynaecology

 

Professor

References

Bala S, Prabha M, Krishna TP. Prevalence and risk factors of low bone mineral density with quantitative ultrasonography among south Indian postmenopausal women. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2016;3(7):1735-40.

Aggarwal N, Raveendran A, Khandelwal N, Sen RK, Thakur JS, Dhaliwal LK, et al. Prevalence and related risk factors of osteoporosis in peri-and postmenopausal Indian women. J Mid-life Health. 2011;2:81-5.

Shaki O, Rai SK, Kashid M, Chakrabarty BK. Prevalence of osteoporosis in peri- and post-menopausal women in slum area of Mumbai, India. J Mid-life Health. 2018;9:117-22.

India Life Expectancy 1950-2022 MacroTrends. Available from: www.macrotrends.net/countries/ IND/india/life-expectancy. Accessed on 30 January 2022.

Scroll Staff. India will be the world’s most populous country by 2027, says United Nations report. June 18, 2019. Available from: https://scroll.in/latest/927416/indias-population-will-surpass-chinas-by-2027-says-united-nations-report. Accessed on 30 January 2022.

Ministry of Home Affairs. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India, 2011. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Tables.asp. Accessed on 26 August 2022.

Osteoporosis epidemiology and demographics. Available from: https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Osteoporosis_epidemiology_and_demographics. Accessed on 26 August 2022.

Salari N, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi L, Rabieenia E, Shohaimi S, Mohammadi M. The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthopaed Surg Res. 2021;16(1):1-20.

Babu AS, Ikbal FM, Noone MS, Joseph AN, Samuel P. Osteoporosis and osteopenia in India: a few more observations. Indian J Med Sci. 2009;63(2):76-7.

Sharma S, Tandon VR, Mahajan A, Kour A, Kumar D. Preliminary screening of osteoporosis and osteopenia in urban women from Jammu using calcaneal QUS. Indian J Med Sci. 2006;60(5):183-9.

Thulkar J, Singh S. Overview of research studies on osteoporosis in menopausal women since the last decade. J Mid-Life Health. 2015;6(3):104-7.

Kadam N, Chiplonkar S, Khadilkar A, Divate U, Khadilkar V. Low bone mass in urban Indian women above 40 years of age: prevalence and risk factors. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26(12):909-17.

Sridevi A, Ragi V. Management of osteoporosis in women- a prevalence and interventional study. IAIM. 2016;3(4):140-5.

Keramat A, Patwardhan B, Larijani B, Chopra A, Mithal A, Chakravarty D, et al. The assessment of osteoporotic risk factors in Iranian women compared with Indian women. BMC Musculoskel Disord. 2008;9:28.

Meeta, Harinarayan CV, Marwah R, Sahay R, Kalra S, Babhulkar S. Clinical practice guidelines on postmenopausal osteoporosis: an executive summary and recommendations. J Mid-life Health. 2013;4(2):107-26.

Mithal A, Bansal B, Kyer CS, Ebeling P. The Asia-Pacific regional audit-epidemiology, costs, and burden of osteoporosis in India 2013: a report of International Osteoporosis Foundation. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(4):449-54.

Harinarayan CV, Ramalakshmi T, Prasad UV, Sudhakar D, Srinivasarao PV, Sarma KV, et al. High prevalence of low dietary calcium, high phytate consumption, and vitamin D deficiency in healthy south Indians. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):1062-7.

Shatrugna V, Kulkarni B, Kumar PA, Rani KU, Balakrishna N. Bone status of Indian women from a low-income group and its relationship to the nutritional status. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:1827.

Meeta M, Harinarayan C V, Marwah R, Sahay R, Kalra S, Babhulkar S. Clinical practice guidelines on postmenopausal osteoporosis: *An executive summary and recommendations- Update 2019-2020. J Mid-life Health 2020;11:96-112.

Downloads

Published

2022-10-28

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles