Sociodemographic determinants of anaemia in pregnant women at antenatal clinic booking
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20243577Keywords:
Anaemia in pregnancy, Prevalence, Sociodemographic determinantsAbstract
Background: Anaemia is a common complication in pregnancy with adverse outcome. Early identification of women at risk and instituting prophylactic measures will help prevent its development. Objectives were to determine the prevalence and determinants of anaemia in pregnant women at antenatal booking.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The participants were 410 pregnant women aged ≥18 years, booking for antenatal care at a gestational age (GA) ≤24 weeks. The recruitment spanned from January to July 2023. Information on maternal age, parity, GA at booking, marital status, religion, education and occupation of the woman and her spouse, and last birth interval, were collected. Data was analysed with statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Multivariate logistics regression was used to determine adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals at a p value of <0.05.
Results: There were 410 participants, 136 (33.2%) were anaemic. Of these 130 (31.7%) had mild anaemia (Hb 9.0–10.9 g/dl), while 6 (1.5%) had moderate anaemia (Hb 7.0–8.9 g/dl). Factors associated with anaemia after multivariate analysis were Christian religion (aOR=5.49; p=0.028), lower socioeconomic status (aOR=1.77; p=0.009), late booking (aOR=2.76; p=0.003), and birth interval <2 years (aOR=2.12; p=0.003). The risk of anaemia was five-fold likely for a Christian than a Moslem, twice likely for lower socioeconomic status, about three-fold likely when booking late, and twice likely with short inter-pregnancy interval.
Conclusions: The prevalence of anaemia at booking was 33.2%. Determinants of anaemia at booking were Christian religion, lower socioeconomic status, late booking, and birth interval less than two years.
Metrics
References
Dim CC, Ugwu EO, Anyaehie UB, Obioha KC. A comparison of capillary and venous blood haematocrits of pregnant women in Nigeria: The impact on diagnosis and prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy. Biomed Res Int. 2014;467056.
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):427-51.
De Benoist B, Cogswell M, Egli I, McLean E. Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993–2005; WHO Global Database of Anaemia. WHO Press. 2008.
Hailu BA, Laillou A, Chitekwe S, Beyene J, Baye K. Subnational mapping for targeting anaemia prevention in women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: A coverage-equity paradox. Matern Child Nutr. 2024;20(5):e13277.
Goonewardene M, Shehata M, Hamad A. Anaemia in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;26(1):3-24.
Perry DJ, Lowndes K. Blood disorders specific to pregnancy. Oxford textbook of medicine, 6th Edition, Volume 2. 2020;2173-85.
Msuya SE, Hussein TH, Uriyo J, Sam NE, Stray-Pedersen B. Anaemia among pregnant women in northern Tanzania: prevalence, risk factors and effect on perinatal outcomes. Tanzan J Health Res. 2011;13(1):33-9.
Ononge S, Campbell O, Mirembe F. Haemoglobin status and predictors of anaemia among pregnant women in Mpigi, Uganda. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):712.
McClure EM, Meshnick SR, Mungai P, Malhotra I, King CL, Goldenberg RL, et al. The association of parasitic infections in pregnancy and maternal and fetal anemia: a cohort study in coastal Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(2):e2724.
NDHS. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey [FR359]. 2018;174. Available at: https://www.dhs program.com/pubs/pdf/FR359/FR359.pdf. Accessed on 18 September 2024.
Gautam VP, Bansal Y, Taneja D, Saha R. Prevalence of anaemia amongst pregnant women and its sociodemographic associates in a rural area of Delhi. Indian J Comm Med. 2002;27(4):157-60.
Nwizu E, Iliyasu Z, Ibrahim S, Galadanci H. Socio-demographic and maternal factors in anaemia in pregnancy at booking in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2011;15:33-41.
Sharma P, Mehta S, Nagar R. Prevalence of anaemia and socio-demographic factors associated with anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal hospital in Jaipur city, India. Age. 2013;20:20-5.
Dim CC, Onah HE. The prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women at booking in Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria. Medscape Gen Med. 2007;9(3):11.
Bolarinwa OA. Sample size estimation for health and social science researchers: The principles and considerations for different study designs. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2020;27:67-75.
Awoyesuku PA, Ohaka C, Ngeri B. Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnant Women under Antenatal Care at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria and Association to Knowledge and Attitude on Anaemia and Its Prevention. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2020;41(20):20-33.
Ogunlesi TA, Dedeke IOF, Kuponiyi OT. Socio-economic classification of children attending Specialist Health Facilities in Ogun State. Niger Med Pract. 2008;54:21-5.
Ikeanyi EM, Ibrahim AI. Does antenatal care attendance prevent anaemia in pregnancy at term? Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18(3):323-7.
Anorlu RI, Oluwole AA, Audu OO. Sociodemographic factors in anaemia in pregnancy at booking in Lagos Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;26:773-6.
Omote V, Ukwamedua HA, Bini N, Kashibu E, Ubandoma JR, Ranyang A. Prevalence, Severity, and Correlates of Anaemia in Pregnancy among Antenatal Attendees in Warri, South-Southern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional and Hospital-Based Study. Hindawi Anemia. 2020;1915231.
Okoh DA, Iyalla C, Omunakwe H, Iwo-Amah RS, Nwabuko C. A retrospective study of the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy at booking in Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36(5):594-7.
Komolafe J, Kuti O, Oni O, Egbewale B. Sociodemographic characteristics of anaemic gravidae at booking: A preliminary study at llesha, western Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2005;14:151-4.
Owolabi MO, Owolabi AO, OlaOlorun DA. Sociodemographic factors in anaemia in pregnancy in south-western Nigeria. South Afr Fam Pract. 2012;54(3):222-7.
Olatunbosun OA, Abasiattai AM, Bassey EA, James RS, Ibanga G, Morgan A. Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women at booking in the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:849080.
Chukwudebelu WO, Obi GO. Anaemia in pregnancy in Nigerians. Nig Med J. 1979;9:221-3.
Ojo OA. The clinical features of anaemia in pregnancy in Ibadan. J Nig Med Assoc. 1965;2:224-33.
World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention and management of severe anaemia in pregnancy, report of a technical working group. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/62087/WHO_FHE_MSM_93.5.pdf. Accessed on 18 September 2024.
Awoyesuku PA, Mac-Pepple DA, Kwosah NJ. Pattern and Socio-demographic Determinants of Gestational Age at Antenatal Booking at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria: A Two-Year Review. Asian J Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;2(3):1-8.
Bukar M, Audu B, Sadauki H, Elnafaty A, Mairiga A. Prevalence of iron deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia at booking in a secondary health facility in Northeastern Nigeria. Niger Med J. 2009;50(2):33-7.
Adinma JJB, Ikechebelu JI, Onyejimbe UN, Amilo G, Adinma E. Influence of antenatal care on the haematocrit value of pregnant Nigerian Igbo women. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;19:68-70.
