Estimation of vitamin D levels in low risk and high risk pregnancy and to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcome
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20250729Keywords:
Vitamin D levels, Pre-eclampsia, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Low birth weightAbstract
Background: Vitamin D is linked with various physiological processes involving multiple organ systems and its deficiency is associated with pregnancy complication like pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm delivery and low birth weight babies. The objective of this study was to estimate vitamin D levels in both low risk and high risk pregnant women and to correlate with the maternal and neonatal outcome.
Methods: This was a prospective case control study from December 2020 to June 2022 at M. S. Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru. All pregnant women between 28 weeks and 40 weeks of gestation were included in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used for quantitative determination of 25 hydroxy vitamin D in serum of all pregnant women.
Results: A total of 166 pregnant women were included in the study, of which 81 subjects were high risk and 85 pregnant women were low risk. The mean vitamin D levels was 19.96 ng/ml in high risk group and 26.8 ng/ml in low risk group and this was statistically significant. In high risk group 23.45% were deficient and in low risk group 12.94% were deficient which was significant. The neonatal birth weight and serum vitamin D levels showed a strong correlation in low risk group as compared to the high risk group.
Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in pregnancy can lead to complications in both mother and fetus. Estimation of vitamin D levels in pregnancy and supplementation can lead to healthy baby and healthy mother.
Metrics
References
Pérez-López FR, Pérez-Roncero G, López-Baena MT. Vitamin D and adolescent health. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2010;1:1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S7472
Pérez-López FR, Chedraui P, Fernández-Alonso AM. Vitamin D and aging: beyond calcium and bone metabolism. Maturitas. 2011;69(1):27-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.02.014
Pérez-López FR. Vitamin D: the secosteroid hormone and human reproduction. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007;23(1):13-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590601045629
Grayson R, Hewison M. Vitamin D and Human Pregnancy. Fetal Maternal Med Rev. 2011;22(1):67-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0965539511000039
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(9):3517-22.
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(9):3517-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0718
Fernández-Alonso AM, Dionis-Sánchez EC, Chedraui P, González-Salmerón MD, Pérez-López FR; Spanish Vitamin D and Women's Health Research Group. First-trimester maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ status and pregnancy outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;116(1):6-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.07.029
Mulligan ML, Felton SK, Riek AE, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(5):429.e1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.09.002
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes (DRIs): recommended intakes to individuals. Washington DC: National Academies of Sciences. 2004.
Webb AR, DeCosta BR, Holick MF. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68(5):882-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-68-5-882
Holick MF, Frommer JE, McNeill SC, Richtand NM, Henley JW, Potts JT Jr. Photometabolism of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 in skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1977;76(1):107-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(77)91674-6
Zhou J, Su L, Liu M, Liu Y, Cao X, Wang Z, et al. Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective observational study in southern China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(8):925-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.99
Kovacs CS. Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):520S-8S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.520S
Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Javaid MK, Jiang B, Martyn CN, et al; Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(1):68-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602680
Lapillonne A. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(1):71-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.054
Aghajafari F, Nagulesapillai T, Ronksley PE, Tough SC, O'Beirne M, Rabi DM. Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2013;346:f1169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1169
Norman AW. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):491S-9S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.491S
Datta S, Alfaham M, Davies DP, Dunstan F, Woodhead S, Evans J, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women from a non-European ethnic minority population--an interventional study. BJOG. 2002;109(8):905-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01171.x
Pérez-López FR, Pasupuleti V, Mezones-Holguin E, Benites-Zapata VA, Thota P, Deshpande A, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(5):1278-88.e4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.02.019
Cockburn F, Belton NR, Purvis RJ, Giles MM, Brown JK, Turner TL, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and their newborn infants. Br Med J. 1980;281(6232):11-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.281.6232.11
Shin JS, Choi MY, Longtine MS, Nelson DM. Vitamin D effects on pregnancy and the placenta. Placenta. 2010;31(12):1027-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2010.08.015
Arnold DL, Enquobahrie DA, Qiu C, Huang J, Grote N, VanderStoep A, et al. Early pregnancy maternal vitamin D concentrations and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015;29(3):200-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12182
Lacroix M, Battista MC, Doyon M, Houde G, Ménard J, Ardilouze JL, et al. Lower vitamin D levels at first trimester are associated with higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 2014;51(4):609-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-014-0564-4
Bener A, Al-Hamaq AO, Saleh NM. Association between vitamin D insufficiency and adverse pregnancy outcome: global comparisons. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:523-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S51403
Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Rashidi M, Rahimi-Saghand S, Jafari F. Maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(5):524-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533610379851
Dror DK. Vitamin D status during pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and postnatal outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2011;23(6):422-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e32834cb791
Bowyer L, Catling-Paull C, Diamond T, Homer C, Davis G, Craig ME. Vitamin D, PTH and calcium levels in pregnant women and their neonates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70(3):372-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03316.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
