Prevalence of hypertension among females with infertility, and its association with demographics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20251582Keywords:
Blood pressure, BMI, Hypertension, Infertility, Obesity, Prevalence, Socioeconomic statusAbstract
Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a major health problem accelerating worldwide, particularly among reproductive-age females. It may impair fertility through hormonal and vascular mechanisms. This study assesses the prevalence of HTN among females with infertility and its association with demographic and lifestyle factors.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months in the obstetrics and gynaecology department at Hind institute of medical sciences, Sitapur. A total of 384 infertile females aged 18-49 years were included. A predesigned proforma was used to gather demographic, dietary, and anthropometric data, as well as blood pressure (BP) measurements. The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines were used to classify HTN. SPSS version 22 was used for the statistical analysis.
Results: The mean age of infertile females was 27.87 (6.58) years. The prevalence of HTN among infertile females was 33.1%. Overweight and obesity were present in 40.9% and 20.8% of participants, respectively. HTN was significantly associated with obesity (p<0.0001) and higher socioeconomic status (p=0.016). No significant associations were found with age, religion, family type, livelihood, type of infertility, diet, or junk food intake.
Conclusions: A high burden of HTN was observed among infertile women, particularly those with obesity and higher socioeconomic backgrounds. Integration of cardiovascular screening and lifestyle interventions into infertility care is essential.
Metrics
References
Infertility. (n.d.). Who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility. Accessed on 10 April 2025.
Deshpande PS, Gupta AS. Causes and prevalence of factors causing infertility in a public health facility. J Human Reproduct Sci. 2019;12(4):287-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_140_18
Farland LV, Grodstein F, Srouji SS, Forman JP, Rich-Edwards J, Chavarro JE, et al. Infertility, fertility treatment, and risk of hypertension. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(2):391-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.04.043
Navaneethabalakrishnan S, Goodlett BL, Lopez AH, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Hypertension and reproductive dysfunction: a possible role of inflammation and inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis in gonads. Clin Sci. 2020;134(24):3237-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20201023
Rooney KL, Domar AD. The relationship between stress and infertility. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20(1):41-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/klrooney
Carey RM, Whelton PK, 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline Writing Committee. Prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: synopsis of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Hypertension Guideline. Anna Internal Med. 2018;168(5):351-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-3203
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) 2019-21. Compendium of fact sheets. 2021.
India. MOHFW. Gov.In. Available at: https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf. Accessed on 10 April 2025.
Silvestris E, De Pergola G, Rosania R, Loverro G. Obesity as disruptor of the female fertility. Reproduct Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16(1):1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0336-z
Cochran’s sample size formula p variable meaningand intuition. Cross Validated. Available at: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/443708/cochrans-sample-size-formula-p-variable-meaning-and-intuition. Accessed on 10 April 2025.
Dalvi T, Kalghatgi S. A 2023 update of Kuppuswamy socioeconomic status classification scale for the Indian population. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dentistr. 2023;21(3):282-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_173_23
CDC. Adult BMI categories. BMI. https://www.cdc.gov/bmi/adult-calculator/bmi-categories.html. Accessed on 10 April 2025.
Mahalingaiah S, Sun F, Cheng JJ, Chow ET, Lunetta KL, Murabito JM. Cardiovascular risk factors among women with self-reported infertility. Fertil Res Pract. 2017;3:1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40738-017-0034-0
Dağ ZÖ, Dilbaz B. Impact of obesity on infertility in women. J Turk German Gynecological Assoc. 2015;16(2):111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5152/jtgga.2015.15232
Pathare AD, Loid M, Saare M, Gidlöf SB, Zamani Esteki M, Acharya G, Peters M, Salumets A. Endometrial receptivity in women of advanced age: an underrated factor in infertility. Human Reprod. 2023;29(6):773-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmad019
Luo M, Li J, Xiao X, Wu P, Zhang Y. Associations between cardiovascular health and female infertility: A national population-based study. Plos One. 2024;19(7):e0306476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306476
Kaneria A, Dipika Kumari Bhoya N, Patel M, Palak Kaneriya A. Association between Infertility and Educated Working Women: Evidences from Indian Data. ESS Open Archive. 2024;892:89231025.
Chandra DN, Singh N. Study on prevalence and demographic factors associated with primary infertility in a tertiary care centre in North India. J Cardiovascular Dis Res. 2023;14(11):140-5.
Rathoria E, Rathoria R, Bansal U, Agarwal A. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents from eastern Uttar Pradesh. Int J Scient Res. 2021;10(1):49-51
Singh A, Rathoria E, Singh SK, Rathoria R, Yadav SK, Bansal U. Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and associations with socio-demographic and etiological factors. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2024;11(10):1400-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20242735
Al-Jawaldeh A, Abbass MM. Unhealthy dietary habits and obesity: the major risk factors beyond non-communicable diseases in the eastern mediterranean region. Front Nutrition. 2022;9:817808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.817808
Emokpae MA, Brown SI. Effects of lifestyle factors on fertility: practical recommendations for modification. Reprod Fertil. 2021;2(1):R13-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-20-0046
ACOG committee opinion no. 762: Prepregnancy counseling: Prepregnancy counseling. Obstetr Gynecol. 2019;133(1):e78-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003013
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
