Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk factors

Authors

  • V. G. Vanamala Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VRK Women’s Medical College and Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Sushil Pakyanadhan Department of Pathology, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Aruna Rachel Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VRK Women’s Medical College and Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • Sudeep Abraham P. Department of Surgery, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20183373

Keywords:

Pelvic inflammatory disease, Risk factors, Socioeconomic status

Abstract

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease is one of the most common gynecological disorders of women. It is a clinical condition where in the endometrial, fallopian tubes and the adjacent pelvic structures are infected due to the ascending infection from the lower genital tract such as vagina and cervix through the uterine cavity leading to severe morbidity.

Methods: 150 non-pregnant women who came in with clinical symptoms suggestive of Pelvic inflammatory disease and diagnosed as acute pelvic infection or PID were included in the study. Demographic details such as age, weight, height, parity, socio-economic status, education levels etc were noted.

Results: 54% of them belonged to 26-30 years age group, followed by 19.3% of women between 20-25 years. 35.3% of the patients were illiterate followed by primary school education in 29.3%. 74% of the patients belonged to the lower class while 24.7% were from the middle class. Condoms were the most common contraceptive method used in 32% of the cases, while 27.3% of the patients used intrauterine devices.

Conclusions: Proper education must be given regarding the hazards of early marriages lack of hygiene, and to abstain from multiple partners, to the women especially those from the lower socioeconomic strata.

References

Weström L, Eschenbach D. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Sexually transmitted diseases. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;1999:783-809.

WestrÖm L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, Hagdu A, Thompson SE. Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sex Transm Dis. 1992;19(4):185-92.

Aral SO, Mosher WD, Cates W Jr. Self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease in the United States, 1988. JAMA. 1991;266(18):2570-3.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Research directions in the 1990s. Sex Transm Dis. 1991;18:46-64.

Kani J, Adler MW. Epidemiology of pelvic inflammatory disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease. New York: Raven Press. 1992:7.

Bang RA, Baitule M, Sarmukaddam S, Bang AT, Choudhary Y, Tale O. High prevalence of gynaecological diseases in rural Indian women. The Lancet. 1989;333(8629):85-8.

Rani B, Abhay B. Why women hide them, rural women’s viewpoint on reproductive tract infections. Haushi-a journal about women and society, New Delhi;1992;69:27-30.

Khan T. Family formation and maternal health: Pakistan. In: Omran AR and CC Standly (eds.). Family Formation Patterns and Health. Further studies: An International Collaborative Study in Columbia, Egypt, Pakistan, and Syria, Geneva: WHO, 1981;27:1-300.

Weström L. Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;138;7(2):880-92.

Burnakis TG, Hildebrandt NB. Pelvic inflammatory disease: A review with emphasis on antimicrobial therapy. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8(1):86-116.

Sweet RL. Sexually transmitted diseases. Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women. Infect Dis Clinics North Am. 1987;1(1):199-215.

Washington AE, Aral SO, Wolner-Hanssen P, Grimes DA, Holmes KK. Assessing risk for pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae. JAMA 1991; 266(18):2581-6.

Suss AL, Homel P, Hammerschlag M, Bromberg K. Risk Factors for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Inner-City Adolescents. Sexually Trans Dis. 2000;27(5):289-91

Jacobson L, Weström L. Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: diagnostic and prognostic value of routine laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1969;105(7):1088-98.

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Atlanta, GA: CDC. 1998;47:79-86

Mann SN, Smith JR, Barton SE. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS. 1996;7(5):315-21.

Hobcraft J. World fertility survey: a final assessment. People. 1985;12:3-5.

Dyson T and Crook N (eds). lndians demography assays on the contemporary population. South Asia Publishers, New Delhi;1984:1-10.

Grech ES, Everett JV, Mukasa F. Epidemiologic aspects of acute inflammatory disease. Trop Doct. 1973;101:123-27.

D'costa LJ, Plummer FA, Bowmer I, Fransen L, Piot P, Ronald AR, et al. Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted disease in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis. 1985;12(2):64-7.

Venegas VS, Madrid JP, Lorenzana I, Grillner L, Cosenza H, Bygdeman S. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and syphilis in Honduran female prostitutes. Intl J STD AIDS. 1991;2(2):110-3.

Bonhomme MG, Rojanapithayakorn W, Feldblum PJ, Rosenberg MJ. Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among massage parlour employees in Bangkok. Int J STD AIDS. 1994;5(3):214-7.

Farah Naaz, Noman Khan and Adnan Mastan. Risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease: A prospective study. Int J Herbal Med. 2016;4(4):129-33.

Health WCoSDo, Organization WH. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health: Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report: WHO;2008.

Adams P, Hurd MD, McFadden D, Merrill A, Ribeiro T. Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status. J Econo. 2003;112:3-56.

Bhurt AW, Fikree FF, Bhurt AM, Channa GZ, Soomro RA, Bhurt N. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Symptoms of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Rural Community of Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 1999;49(8):188-94.

Younis N, Khattab H, Zurayk H, El-Mouelhy M, Amin MF, Farag AM. A community study of gynecological and related morbidities in rural Egypt. Stud. Fain. Plan. 1993;24:175-86.

Downloads

Published

2018-08-27

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles